User-Agent Client Hints

1. Introduction

This section is non-normative .

Today, user agents generally identify themselves to servers by sending a User-Agent HTTP request header field along with each request (defined in Section 5.5.3 of [rfc9110] ). Ideally, this header would give servers the ability to perform content negotiation, sending down exactly those bits that best represent the requested resource in a given user agent, optimizing both bandwidth and user experience. In practice, however, this header’s value exposes far more information about the user’s device than seems appropriate as a default, on the one hand, and intentionally obscures the true user agent in order to bypass misguided server-side heuristics, on the other.

For example, a recent version of Chrome on iOS identifies itself as:

User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 12_0 like Mac OS X)
            AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko)
            CriOS/69.0.3497.105 Mobile/15E148 Safari/605.1

While a recent version of Edge identifies itself as:

User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)
            AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/68.0.2704.79
            Safari/537.36 Edge/18.014

There’s quite a bit of information packed into those strings (along with a fair number of lies). Version numbers, platform details, model information, etc. are all broadcast along with every request, and form the basis for fingerprinting schemes of all sorts. Individual vendors have taken stabs at altering their user agent strings, and have run into a few categories of feedback from developers that have stymied historical approaches:

1. Brand and version information (e.g. "Chrome 69") allows websites to work around known bugs in specific releases that aren’t otherwise detectable. For example, implementations of Content Security Policy have varied wildly between vendors, and it’s difficult to know what policy to send in an HTTP response without knowing what browser is responsible for its parsing and execution.

2. Developers will often negotiate what content to send based on the user agent and platform. Some application frameworks, for instance, will style an application on iOS differently from the same application on Android in order to match each platform’s aesthetic and design patterns.

3. Similarly to #1, OS revisions and architecture can be responsible for specific bugs which can be worked around in website’s code, and narrowly useful for things like selecting appropriate executables for download (32 vs 64 bit, ARM vs Intel, etc).

4. Sophisticated developers use model/make to tailor their sites to the capabilities of the device (e.g. [FacebookYearClass] ) and to pinpoint performance bugs and regressions which sometimes are specific to model/make.

This document proposes a mechanism which might allow user agents to be a bit more aggressive about removing entropy from the User-Agent string generally by giving servers that really need some specific details about the client the ability to opt-into receiving them. It introduces a number of new Client Hints ( [RFC8942] ) that can provide the client’s branding and version information, the underlying operating system’s branding and major version, as well as details about the underlying device. Rather than broadcasting this data to everyone, all the time, user agents can make reasonable decisions about how to respond to given sites' requests for more granular data, reducing the passive fingerprinting surface area exposed to the network (see Best Practice 1 in [FINGERPRINTING-GUIDANCE] ).

1.1. Examples

This section is non-normative .

A user navigates to https://example.com/ for the first time using the latest version of the "Examplary Browser". Their user agent sends the following headers along with the HTTP request:

Sec-CH-UA: "Examplary Browser"; v="73", ";Not?A.Brand"; v="27"
Sec-CH-UA-Mobile: ?0
Sec-CH-UA-Platform: "Windows"

The server is interested in rendering content consistent with the user’s underlying platform version, and asks for a little more information by sending an Accept-CH header (Section 2.2.1 of [RFC8942] ) along with the initial response:

Accept-CH: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version

In response, the user agent includes the platform version information in the next request:

Sec-CH-UA: "Examplary Browser"; v="73", ";Not?A.Brand"; v="27"
Sec-CH-UA-Mobile: ?0
Sec-CH-UA-Platform: "Windows"
Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version: "14.0.0"

1.2. Use Cases

This section is non-normative .

This section attempts to document the current uses for the User-Agent string, and how similar functionality could be enabled using User-Agent Client Hints (UA-CH).

1.2.1. Differential serving

1.2.1.1. Based on browser features

Similarly, when serving Javascript to users, one can avoid transpilation (which can result in bloat and inefficient code) for browsers that support the latest ES features that were used. Finally, when serving images, some browsers don’t update their Accept request headers, while in other cases the MIME type is not descriptive enough to distinguish between different variants of the same format (e.g., WebP). In those cases, knowing the browser and its version can be critical to serving the right image variant.

For that use case to work, the server needs to be aware of the browser and its meaningful version, and map that to a list of available features. That enables it to know which polyfill or code variant to serve.

Services that wish to do that using UA-CH will need to inspect the Sec-CH-UA header, that is sent by default on every request, and modify their response based on that.

1.2.1.2. Browser bug workaround

For that use case, servers need to be aware of the browser and its meaningful version, be aware of browser bugs that impact them, and apply workarounds if the current browser version is impacted.

Services that wish to do that using UA-CH will need to inspect the Sec-CH-UA header, sent by default on every request, and use it to modify their response.

1.2.2. Market Share Analytics

For market share analytics to work, a server needs to be aware of one or more of the following: user agent name and its meaningful version, operating system and its version, and device model. It can then register them and find their relative market shares.

Sites that wish to provide market share analytics using UA-CH will need to inspect the Sec-CH-UA header, that is sent by default on every request, and keep a record of it. Additional UA client hints may also be requested depending on the use case (e.g., mobile device model analytics).

By design, looking at individual entries in the brands list makes it hard to distinguish between a less-popular browser’s truthful brand name and a more-popular browser’s arbitrary GREASE. Since the less-popular browser may include several popular brand names for compatibility purposes, its users will likely be bucketed as using the more-popular one if this approach is taken, leading to distorted views of usage share that favour already-popular browsers and with less-popular browsers possibly never gaining any visibility.

Hence, for analytics purposes, it is better to treat the brands list as a unit, and compare it to known lists of brands sent by the various (browser, version) pairs that are to be distinguished. This will necessitate regular updates to the list of known lists of brands when new browser versions are released or new browsers become popular, or else everything will get bucketed as an unknown browser. However, as this doesn’t break sites for users, failing closed for unknown browsers is acceptable in this context.

Such a list of known lists of brands could be maintained centrally and used by many sites (as, e.g., browser feature support is maintained by caniuse and MDN, and consumed by many webmasters).

The specification recommends that browsers fix the brands list they send per version to make counting usage shares simpler (and also to help with caching), so the known lists of brands can be a simple list mapping from a set of brands to a (browser, version) pair.

1.2.3. Content adaptation

1.2.3.1. Browser based adaptation

As browsers, we want to enable the former, while discouraging the latter.

1.2.3.2. Mobile specific site

For those cases, serving mobile-specific sites to users on mobile devices can be helpful. For that to work, the server needs to be aware, at HTML serving time, whether the user is on a mobile device or not.

Sites that wish to serve mobile-specific sites using UA-CH can do that using the Sec-CH-UA-Mobile headers that are sent by default on every request.

1.2.3.3. Low-powered devices

If the dimension on which the split is made is memory, the Device-Memory Client Hint can be used to make that distinction. Otherwise, with UA-CH, sites can still retrieve the device model by opting in to the Sec-CH-UA-Model hint.

Both of these hints are not sent by default, so require some extra work.

Top-level origins will need to send Accept-CH: Device-Memory, Sec-CH-UA-Model headers with their responses to opt-in to receiving those hints. In cases where they absolutely need to perform that adaptation on every navigation request, a redirect would be required here in the case where the hints are not present in a browser that supports them. Alternatively, they might use Critical-CH to have the client handle the additional request/response roundtrip.

Third-party origins that need to perform such adaptation would need delegation from the top-level origin. The top-level origin would need to opt-in using Accept-CH , as well as add Permissions-Policy headers that delegate those hints to the third-party origin.

1.2.3.4. OS specific styles

Those cases are very similar to the case discussed above (in "Low-powered devices"), only with the Sec-CH-UA-Platform and Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version hints.

1.2.3.5. OS integration

Again, like the "OS specific styles" case, they’d need to use the Sec-CH-UA-Platform and Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version hints to do so.

1.2.3.6. Browser and OS specific experiments

1.2.4. User login notification

For those notifications to be meaningful, sites need to recognize and communicate the commercial brand of the browser to the user. These messages often also include the platform and its version in order to make sure the user knows which device is in question.

Since such messaging doesn’t require any server-side adaptation, it’s better for this case to use the userAgentData.getHighEntropyData() method in order to retrieve the required information.

1.2.5. Download of appropriate binary executables

In order to tackle that use case, download sites can opt-in to receive the Sec-CH-UA-Platform , Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version , Sec-CH-UA-Architecture , and Sec-CH-UA-Bitness hints (or query them through the API), in order to ensure the right binary is offered to the user by default.

1.2.6. Conversion modeling

1.2.7. Vulnerability filtering

Such proxies would have to add a redirect step, or use one of the two Client Hint reliability mechanisms that opts-in to getting the browser full version and the platform version in order to continue to get access to those hints.

1.2.8. Logs and debugging

1.2.9. Fingerprinting

User fingerprinting is the practice of gathering multiple bits of user information from multiple sources and intersecting them together to create a unique signature of the user, that would enable to recognize them to be recognized later on, even if they clear state from their browsers (e.g. by deleting cookies).

For those cases, the origin needs to gather as much entropy as possible, so it is likely to collect all the hints.

1.2.9.1. Spam filtering and bot detection

We hope that alternative methods or APIs will exist to address the spam filtering and bot detection use cases in the future, as browsers may decide to intervene on behalf of their users by limiting the collection of user-identifying entropy (e.g., the Privacy Budget proposal).

1.2.9.2. Persistent user tracking

1.2.9.3. Blocking known bots and crawlers

Similar to the spam filtering case, there’s hope that alternative methods would be able to replace User-Agent string matching for this use case.

2. Infrastructure

This specification depends on Client Hints Infrastructure, HTTP Client Hints, Infra Standard, and Permissions Policy. [CLIENT-HINTS-INFRASTRUCTURE] [RFC8942] [INFRA] [permissions-policy-1]

Some of the terms used in this specification are defined in Structured Field Values for HTTP . [RFC8941]

3. User Agent Hints

The following sections define a number of HTTP request header fields that expose detail about a given user agent , which servers can opt-into receiving via the Client Hints infrastructure defined in [RFC8942] . The definitions below assume that each user agent has defined a number of properties for itself:

• brand - The user agent 's commercial name (e.g., "cURL", "Edge", "The World’s Best Web Browser"), which MUST be shorter than 32 ASCII alpha characters.

• form-factors - The form-factors of a device, historically represented as a < deviceCompat > token in the User-Agent string (e.g., "Tablet", "VR", etc.)

• full version - The build version (e.g., "72.0.3245.12", "3.14159", or "297.70E04154A") that corresponds to the user agent , or any of the brands in its brands list.

• model - The user agent 's device model (e.g., "", or "Pixel 2 XL")

• mobileness - A boolean indicating if the user agent 's device is a mobile device. (e.g., ?0 or ?1)

• platform brand - The user agent 's operating system’s commercial name. (e.g., "Windows", "iOS", or "AmazingOS")

• platform version - The user agent 's operating system’s version. (e.g., "NT 6.0", "15", or "17G")

• platform architecture - The user agent 's underlying CPU architecture (e.g., "ARM", or "x86")

• platform bitness - The user agent 's underlying CPU architecture bitness (e.g., "32" or "64")

• significant version - The marketing version which includes distinguishable web-exposed features (e.g., "72", "3", or "12.1"), corresponding to the user agent , or any of the brands in its brands list (e.g., rendering engine or any other equivalence classes full version).

• wow64-ness - A boolean indicating if the user agent 's binary is running in 32-bit mode on 64-bit Windows. (e.g., ?0 or ?1)

User agents SHOULD keep these strings short and to the point, but servers MUST accept arbitrary values for each, as they are all values constructed at the user agent 's whim.

User agents MUST map higher-entropy platform architecture values to the following buckets:

• x86 CPU architectures => "x86"

• ARM CPU architectures => "arm"

Other CPU architectures could be mapped into one of these values in case that makes sense, or be mapped to the empty string.

User agents SHOULD return the empty string or a fictitious value for platform architecture or platform bitness unless the user’s platform is one where both the following conditions apply:

• Binary download of executables is likely.

• Different CPU architectures are likely to require different binary executable resources, and different binary executable resources are likely to be available.

User Agents MUST return the empty string for model if mobileness is false. User Agents MUST return the empty string for model even if mobileness is true, except on platforms where the model is typically exposed.

User agents MAY return the empty string for hints of type sf-string , false for hints of type sf-boolean , or any other fictitious value, for privacy, compatibility, or other reasons, given a request for any the following hints: full version , platform architecture , platform bitness , wow64-ness or model .

3.1. The 'Sec-CH-UA' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA request header field gives a server information about a user agent 's branding and significant version . It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a list [RFC8941] . The list’s items MUST be string . The value of each item SHOULD include a "v" parameter, indicating the user agent 's version.

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA = sf-list

To return the Sec-CH-UA value for a request , perform the following steps:

1. Let brands be the result of running create brands with "significant version".

2. Let list be the result of creating a brand-version list , with brands and "significant version".

3. Return the output of running serializing a list with list .

Note: Unlike most Client Hints, since it’s included in the low entropy hint table , the Sec-CH-UA header will be sent by default, whether or not the server opted-into receiving the header via an Accept-CH header (although it can still be controlled by it’s its policy-controlled client hints feature . It is considered low entropy because it includes only the user agent 's branding information, and the significant version number (both of which are fairly clearly sniffable by "examining the structure of other headers and by testing for the availability and semantics of the features introduced or modified between releases of a particular browser" [Janc2014] ).

Note: Sec-CH-UA reveals the major version for each brand in the brands list. For use cases requiring the full version , see Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List .

3.2. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Arch' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Arch request header field gives a server information about the architecture of the platform on which a given user agent is executing. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a string [RFC8941] .

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Arch = sf-string

3.3. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Bitness' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Bitness request header field gives a server information about the platform bitness of the architecture of the platform on which a given user agent is executing. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a string [RFC8941] .

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Bitness = sf-string

3.4. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors request header field gives a server information about the user agent 's form-factors . It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a list [RFC8941] . In order to avoid providing additional fingerprinting entropy, the header’s values MUST be given in lexical order, and values are case-sensitive.

The header SHOULD describe the form-factors of the device using one or more of the following common form-factor values: "Desktop", "Automotive", "Mobile", "Tablet", "XR", "EInk", or "Watch". All applicable form-factor values SHOULD be included.

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors = sf-list

3.5. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version' Header Field

Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Developers should use Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List instead.

The Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version request header field gives a server information about the user agent’s full version . It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a string [RFC8941] .

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version = sf-string

3.6. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List request header field gives a server information about the full version for each brand in its brands list. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a list [RFC8941] .

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List = sf-list

To return the Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List value for a request , perform the following steps:

1. Let brands be the result of running create brands with "full version".

2. Let list be the result of create a brand-version list , with brands and "full version".

3. Return the output of running serializing a list with list as input.

3.7. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Mobile' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Mobile request header field gives a server information about whether or not a user agent prefers a "mobile" user experience. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a boolean [RFC8941] .

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Mobile = sf-boolean

Note: Like Sec-CH-UA above, since it’s included in the low entropy hint table , the Sec-CH-UA-Mobile header will be sent by default, whether or not the server opted-into receiving the header via an Accept-CH header (although it can still be controlled by its policy-controlled client hints feature ). It is considered low entropy because it is a single bit of information directly controllable by the user.

3.8. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Model' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Model request header field gives a server information about the device on which a given user agent is executing. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a string [RFC8941] .

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Model = sf-string

3.9. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Platform' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Platform request header field gives a server information about the platform on which a given user agent is executing. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a string [RFC8941] . Its value SHOULD match one of the following common platform values: "Android", "Chrome OS", "Fuchsia", "iOS", "Linux", "macOS", "Windows", or "Unknown".

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Platform = sf-string

Note: Like Sec-CH-UA above, since it’s included in the low entropy hint table , the Sec-CH-UA-Platform header will be sent by default, whether or not the server opted-into receiving the header via an Accept-CH header (although it can still be controlled by its policy-controlled client hints feature ).

3.10. The 'Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version request header field gives a server information about the platform version on which a given user agent is executing. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a string [RFC8941] . Its value is the result of getting the platform version with platform brand .

To get the platform version , given a string platform , run the following steps:

1. If platform is "Linux":

   1. Return the empty string.

2. If platform is "Android":

   1. Let platformReturnedVersionString be the result of querying the OS’s android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE string.

   2. Return the result of creating a unified platform version string with platformReturnedVersionString .

3. If platform is "iOS":

   1. Let platformReturnedVersionString be the result of querying the UIDevice object returned by currentDevice and reading its systemVersion .

   2. Return the result of creating a unified platform version string with platformReturnedVersionString .

4. If platform is "Windows":

   1. If available (i.e., on Windows 10 or higher), let platformReturnedVersionString be the result of querying the Windows.Foundation.UniversalApiContract integer version and converting it to a string. Otherwise, let platformReturnedVersionString be the result of getting the legacy Windows version number .

   2. Return the result of creating a unified platform version string with platformReturnedVersionString .

5. Let platformVersionComponentList be a list .

6. If platform is "macOS":

   1. Let macOSVersion be the operatingSystemVersion property of the NSProcessInfo object returned by getting the processInfo information agent.

   2. Append macOSVersion ’s majorVersion , minorVersion , and patchVersion components (in that order) to platformVersionComponentList .

7. If platform is some other value:

   1. Append one to three version parts based on the format most likely to lead to interoperability with other browsers running on platform to platformVersionComponentList .

   2. While platformVersionComponentList ’s length is less than 3, append "0" to platformVersionComponentList .

8. Return the result of the concatenation of platformVersionComponentList with a U+002E FULL STOP ( . ) separator.

To get the legacy Windows version number , run the following steps:

1. Let major be the value of OSVERSIONINFO ’s dwMajorVersion member returned from the Win32 GetVersionEx API.

2. Let minor be the value of OSVERSIONINFO ’s dwMinorVersion member returned from the Win32 GetVersionEx API.

3. If major is 6 and minor is 3 (i.e., Windows 8.1), return "0.3".

4. If major is 6 and minor is 2 (i.e., Windows 8), return "0.2".

5. If major is 6 and minor is 1 (i.e., Windows 7), return "0.1".

6. Otherwise, return "0".

To create a unified platform version string , given a string input , run the following steps:

1. Let platformVersionComponentList be a list and index be 0.

2. Let platformVersionUnprocessedTokenList be the list returned by strictly splitting input on the U+002E FULL STOP character ( . ):

3. While index is less than 3:

   1. If index is less than the length of platformVersionUnprocessedTokenList :

      1. If platformVersionUnprocessedTokenList [ index ] is an unsigned integer, convert it to a string and append it to platformVersionComponentList .

      2. Otherwise, append "0" to platformVersionComponentList .

   2. Otherwise, if index is greater than or equal to the length of platformVersionUnprocessedTokenList :

      1. Append "0" to platformVersionComponentList .

   3. Increment index by 1.

4. Return the result of the concatenation of platformVersionComponentList with a U+002E FULL STOP ( . ) separator.

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version = sf-string

3.11. The 'Sec-CH-UA-WoW64' Header Field

The Sec-CH-UA-WoW64 request header field gives a server information about whether or not a user agent binary is running in 32-bit mode on 64-bit Windows. It is a Structured Header whose value MUST be a boolean [RFC8941] .

The header’s ABNF is:

Sec-CH-UA-WoW64 = sf-boolean

Note: These client hints can be evoked with the following set of client hints tokens : Sec-CH-UA , Sec-CH-UA-Arch , Sec-CH-UA-Bitness , Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors , Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version , Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List , Sec-CH-UA-Mobile , Sec-CH-UA-Model , Sec-CH-UA-Platform , Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version , Sec-CH-UA-WoW64

4. Interface

dictionary NavigatorUABrandVersion {
  DOMString brand;
  DOMString version;
};
dictionary UADataValues {
  DOMString architecture;
  DOMString bitness;
  sequence<NavigatorUABrandVersion> brands;
  sequence<DOMString> formFactors;
  sequence<NavigatorUABrandVersion> fullVersionList;
  DOMString model;
  boolean mobile;
  DOMString platform;
  DOMString platformVersion;
  DOMString uaFullVersion; // deprecated in favor of fullVersionList
  boolean wow64;
};
dictionary UALowEntropyJSON {
  sequence<NavigatorUABrandVersion> brands;
  boolean mobile;
  DOMString platform;
};
[Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface NavigatorUAData {
  readonly attribute FrozenArray<NavigatorUABrandVersion> brands;
  readonly attribute boolean mobile;
  readonly attribute DOMString platform;
  Promise<UADataValues> getHighEntropyValues(sequence<DOMString> hints);
  UALowEntropyJSON toJSON();
};
interface mixin NavigatorUA {
  [SecureContext] readonly attribute NavigatorUAData userAgentData;
};
Navigator includes NavigatorUA;
WorkerNavigator includes NavigatorUA;

Note: The high-entropy portions of the user agent information are retrieved through a Promise , in order to give user agents the opportunity to gate their exposure behind potentially time-consuming checks (e.g. by asking the user for their permission).

4.1. Processing model

4.1.1. WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope

Each user agent has an associated brands , which is a list created by running create brands with significant version .

Every WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope object has an associated brands frozen array , which is a FrozenArray < NavigatorUABrandVersion > . It is initially the result of creating a frozen array from the user agent 's brands .

Additionally, every WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope object has an associated full version list frozen array , which is a FrozenArray < NavigatorUABrandVersion > . It is the result of creating a frozen array from running create brands with full version .

4.1.2. Create brands

When asked to create brands with version type , run the following steps:

1. Let list be a list .

2. Assert version type is either "full version" or "significant version".

3. For each brand that represents the user agent —or an equivalence class —as brand :

   1. Let version be a string , initialized accordingly:

      1. If version type is "full version", set version to a string that corresponds to the full version .

      2. If version type is "significant version", set version to a string that corresponds to the significant version .

   2. Let dict be a new NavigatorUABrandVersion dictionary, with brand set to brand and version set to version .

   3. Append dict to list .

4. The user agent SHOULD execute the following steps:

   1. Append one additional item to list containing a NavigatorUABrandVersion dictionary, initialized with brand set to arbitrary brand and set version to the result of create an arbitrary version with version type .

   2. Randomize the order of the items in list .

   Note: One approach to minimize caching variance when generating these random components could be to determine them at build time, and keep them identical throughout the lifetime of the user agent 's significant version.

   Note: See § 6.2 GREASE-like UA Brand Lists for more details on when and why these randomization steps might be appropriate.

5. Return list .

An equivalence class represents a group of browsers believed to be compatible with each other. A shared rendering engine may form an equivalence class , for example.

4.1.3. Create arbitrary brand and version values

To create an arbitrary brand , the user agent MUST run these steps:

1. Let arbitraryBrand be a string composed of ASCII alpha and 0x20 (SP). arbitraryBrand MUST contain one or more 0x20 (SP) bytes and be no longer than twenty ASCII bytes , and MUST not start or end with 0x20 (SP).

2. Let arbitraryBrandList be the result of splitting arbitraryBrand on ASCII whitespace .

3. Let greaseyStack be a stack .

4. Let greaseyChars be the list of ASCII bytes « 0x20 (SP), 0x28 (left parenthesis), 0x29 (right parenthesis), 0x2D (-), 0x2E (.), 0x2F (/), 0x3A (:), 0x3B (;), 0x3D (=), 0x3F (?), 0x5F (_) ».

5. Let index be 0.

6. While index is less than the size of arbitraryBrandList minus one:

   1. Push a randomly selected item from greaseyChars onto greaseyStack .

   2. Increment index by 1.

7. Let greaseyBrandList be a list and set index to 0.

8. While greaseyStack is not empty :

   1. Append arbitraryBrandList [ index ] to greaseyBrandList .

   2. Let item be the result of popping from greaseyStack .

   3. Append item to greaseyBrandList .

   4. Increment index by 1.

9. Append arbitraryBrandList [ index ] to greaseyBrandList .

10. Return the result of stripping leading and trailing ASCII whitespace from the concatenation of greaseyBrandList (with no separator).

To create an arbitrary version given version type , run the following steps:

1. Assert version type is either "full version" or "significant version".

2. Let arbitrary version be a string , initialized accordingly:

   1. If version type is "full version", set arbitrary version to a string that matches the format of the full version , but not the value.

   2. If version type is "significant version", set arbitrary version to a string that matches the format of significant version , but not the value.

3. Return arbitrary version .

Note: User Agents may decide to send arbitrarily low versions to ensure proper version checking, and should vary them over time.

4.1.4. Create a brand-version list

To create a brand-version list given brands and version type , perform the following steps:

1. Let list be a list , initially empty.

2. Assert version type is either "full version" or "significant version".

3. For each brand in brands :

   1. Let version be a string, initialized accordingly:

      1. If version type is "full version", set version to a string that corresponds to the full version .

      2. If version type is "significant version", set version to a string that corresponds to the significant version .

   2. Let parameter be a dictionary , initially empty.

   3. Set parameter ["param_key"] to "v".

   4. Set parameter ["param_value"] to version .

   5. Let pair be a tuple comprised of brand ’s brand and parameter .

   6. Append pair to list .

4. Return list .

4.1.5. Getters

On getting, the brands attribute MUST return this 's relevant global object 's brands frozen array .

On getting, the mobile attribute must return the user agent 's mobileness .

On getting, the platform attribute must return the user agent 's platform brand .

4.1.6. getHighEntropyValues method

The getHighEntropyValues( hints ) method MUST run these steps:

1. Let p be a a new promise created in the current realm .

2. If the user agent decides one or more values in hints should not be returned, then reject and return p with a " NotAllowedError ".

We can improve upon when and why a UA decides to refuse a hint once Issue #151 is resolved.

3. Otherwise, run the following steps in parallel :

   1. Let uaData be a new UADataValues .

   2. set uaData [" brands "] to this 's relevant global object 's brands frozen array .

   3. set uaData [" mobile "] to the user agent 's mobileness .

   4. set uaData [" platform "] to the user agent 's platform brand .

   5. If hints contains "architecture", set uaData [" architecture "] to the user agent 's platform architecture .

   6. If hints contains "bitness", set uaData [" bitness "] to the user agent 's platform bitness .

   7. If hints contains "formFactors", set uaData [" formFactors "] to the user agent 's form-factors .

   8. If hints contains "fullVersionList", set uaData [" fullVersionList "] to this 's relevant global object 's full version list frozen array .

   9. If hints contains "model", set uaData [" model "] to the user agent 's model .

   10. If hints contains "platformVersion", set uaData [" platformVersion "] to the result of getting the platform version with platform brand .

   11. If hints contains "uaFullVersion", set uaData [" uaFullVersion "]

   12. If hints contains "wow64", set uaData [" wow64 "] to the user agent’s wow64-ness .

   13. Queue a task on the permission task source to resolve p with uaData .

4. Return p .

4.1.7. toJSON method

The toJSON() method MUST run these steps:

1. Let uaLowEntropyData be a new UALowEntropyJSON

2. set uaLowEntropyData [" brands "] to this 's relevant global object 's brands frozen array .

3. set uaLowEntropyData [" mobile "] to the user agent 's mobileness .

4. set uaLowEntropyData [" platform "] to the user agent 's platform brand .

5. Return uaLowEntropyData

5. Security and Privacy Considerations

5.1. Secure Transport

Client Hints will not be delivered to non-secure endpoints (see the secure transport requirements in Section 2.2.1 of [RFC8942] ). This means that user agent information will not be leaked over plaintext channels, reducing the opportunity for network attackers to build a profile of a given agent’s behavior over time.

5.2. Delegation

Client Hints will be delegated from top-level pages via Permissions Policy ( [permissions-policy-1] ). This reduces the likelihood that user agent information will be delivered along with subresource requests, which reduces the potential for passive fingerprinting .

That delegation is defined as part of append client hints to request .

5.3. Fingerprinting

The primary goal of User Agent Client Hints is to reduce the amount of default entropy exposed to the web at large through the User-Agent header field, which may be used for passive fingerprinting purposes.

A user agent is able to decide which hints it provides, with the expectation that no more information is provided than would be included in an unredacted User-Agent header field. A user agent can provide an empty string for any value that it does not wish to provide, or refuse to return a hint entirely.

However, it will still be possible for some, or all, hints to be requested and used for active fingerprinting purposes by first or delegated third parties. As noted in § 5.4 Access Restrictions , user agents should consider policies to restrict or reduce access to parties that are known to actively fingerprint their users.

User agents should take care to not introduce fingerprinting vectors through GREASE-like brand lists that might be unique for an individual or a very small group of users. Rather, a strategy should be employed where the arbitrary brand is shared across many users (e.g., stable across major versions for all users).

5.4. Access Restrictions

The information in the Client Hints defined above reveals quite a bit of information about the user agent and the device upon which it runs. User agents ought to exercise judgement before granting access to this information, and MAY impose restrictions above and beyond the secure transport and delegation requirements noted above. For instance, user agents could choose to reveal platform architecture or platform bitness only on requests it intends to download, giving the server the opportunity to serve the right binary. Likewise, they could offer users control over the values revealed to servers, or gate access on explicit user interaction via a permission prompt or via a settings interface.

6. Implementation Considerations

6.1. The 'User-Agent' Header

User agents SHOULD deprecate usage of the User-Agent header by reducing its information granularity in favor of the Client Hints model described in this document. The header is likely to be impossible to remove entirely in the near-term, as existing sites' content negotiation code will continue to require its presence (see [Rossi2015] for a recent example of a new browser’s struggles in this area).

One approach which might be advisable could be for each user agent to lock the value of its User-Agent header, ensuring backwards compatibility by maintaining the crufty declarations of "like Gecko" and "AppleWebKit/537.36" on into eternity. This can ratchet over time, first freezing the version number, then shifting platform and model information to something reasonably generic in order to reduce the fingerprint the header provides.

6.2. GREASE-like UA Brand Lists

History has shown us that there are real incentives for user agents to lie about their branding in order to thread the needle of sites' sniffing scripts, and prevent their users from being blocked by UA-based allow/block lists.

Resetting expectations may help to prevent abuse of the brands list in the short term, but probably won’t help in the long run. The world of network protocols introduced the notion of GREASE [I-D.ietf-tls-grease] . We could borrow from that concept to tackle this problem.

User agents ' brands containing more than a single entry could encourage standardized processing of the brands list. By randomly including additional, intentionally incorrect, comma-separated entries with arbitrary ordering, they would reduce the chance that we ossify on a few required strings.

Let’s examine a few examples:

• In order to avoid sites from barring unknown browsers from their allow lists, Chrome could send a UA set that includes an non-existent browser, and which varies once in a while.

  • "Chrome"; v="73", "(Not;Browser"; v="12"

• In order to enable equivalence classes based on Chromium versions, Chrome could add the rendering engine and its version to that.

  • "Chrome"; v="73", "(Not;Browser"; v="12", "Chromium"; v="73"

• In order to encourage sites to rely on equivalence classes based on Chromium versions rather than exact UA sniffing, Chrome might remove itself from the set entirely.

  • "(Not;Browser"; v="12", Chromium"; v="73"

• Browsers based on Chromium may use a similar UA string, but use their own brand as part of the set, enabling sites to count them.

  • "Chrome"; v="73", "Xwebs mega"; v="60", "Chromium"; v="73", "(Not;Browser"; v="12"

User agents MUST include more than a single value in brands , where one of these values is an arbitrary value.

The value order in brands MUST change over time to prevent receivers of the header from relying on certain values being in certain locations in the list.

When choosing GREASE strategies, user agents SHOULD keep caching variance and analytics use cases in mind and minimize variance among identical user agent versions.

Note: One approach to minimize variance for caching and analytics could be to determine the GREASE parts of the UA set at build time, and keep them identical throughout the lifetime of the user agent 's significant version.

6.3. The 'Sec-CH-' prefix

Restricting user-land JavaScript code from influencing and modifying UA-CH headers has various security related advantages. At the same time, there don’t seem to be any legitimate use-cases which require such user-land rewriting.

As such and based on discussions with the TAG , it seems reasonable to forbid write access to these headers from JavaScript (e.g. through fetch or Service Workers), and demarcate them as browser-controlled client hints so they can be documented and included in requests without triggering CORS preflights.

Therefore, request headers defined in this specification include a Sec-CH- prefix.

7. IANA Considerations

This document intends to define the Sec-CH-UA , Sec-CH-UA-Arch , Sec-CH-UA-Bitness , Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors , Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version , Sec-CH-UA-Mobile , Sec-CH-UA-Model , Sec-CH-UA-Platform , Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version , Sec-CH-UA-WoW64 , and the Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List HTTP request header fields, and register them in the permanent message header field registry ( [RFC3864] ).

It also intends to deprecate usage of the User-Agent header field.

7.1. 'Sec-CH-UA' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.1 The 'Sec-CH-UA' Header Field )

7.2. 'Sec-CH-UA-Arch' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Arch

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.2 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Arch' Header Field )

7.3. 'Sec-CH-UA-Bitness' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Bitness

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.3 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Bitness' Header Field )

7.4. 'Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.4 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Form-Factors' Header Field )

7.5. 'Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version

Applicable protocol: http

Status: deprecated

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.5 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version' Header Field )

7.6. 'Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.6 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Full-Version-List' Header Field )

7.7. 'Sec-CH-UA-Mobile' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Mobile

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.7 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Mobile' Header Field )

7.8. 'Sec-CH-UA-Model' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Model

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.8 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Model' Header Field )

7.9. 'Sec-CH-UA-Platform' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Platform

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.9 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Platform' Header Field )

7.10. 'Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.10 The 'Sec-CH-UA-Platform-Version' Header Field )

7.11. 'Sec-CH-UA-WoW64' Header Field

Header field name: Sec-CH-UA-WoW64

Applicable protocol: http

Status: standard

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 3.11 The 'Sec-CH-UA-WoW64' Header Field )

7.12. 'User-Agent' Header Field

Header field name: User-Agent

Applicable protocol: http

Status: deprecated

Author/Change controller: IETF

Specification document: this specification ( § 6.1 The 'User-Agent' Header ), and Section 5.5.3 of [rfc9110]

8. Acknowledgments

Thanks to Aaron Tagliaboschi, Ali Beyad, ArkUmbra, Dustin Mitchell, Erik Anderson, jasonwee, Luke Williams, Mike West, Martin Thomson, and Toru Kobayashi for valuable feedback and contributions to this specification.